SEM III
S.Y.B.Ed (20-21)
Essay Test_2020
Language Across Curriculum(IC3)
Marks :-10
TUTORIAL QUESTIONS:
Unit 1a) Concept of Language (nature and meaning)
Unit 2a) Multilingualism in Indian context(features of Indian Multilingualism)
Question -1 “ Language is a set of human habits”. Elaborate the given sentence with reference to the meaning and nature of language.
Question -2 ‘Multilingualism in India represents an organic
pluralism .’ Justify with reference to features of
Indian multilingualism.
Starting with quote
ReplyDeletedefinition of language
followed by principals of nature of language
and conclusion
Principals of nature of language
ReplyDelete1. Language is learnt
2. Language is a system
3.Language ia also system of systems
4. Language consistes of symbols
5. Symbols of language are vocal
6. Symbols of language are arbitary
7.Langugae is culture/society specific
8. Language is species specific
9. Language is for communication
We can explain any 6 or 7
Definition of language
ReplyDelete1.the system of communication in speech and writing that is used by people of a particular country.
2. the system of sounds and writing that human beings use to express their thoughts, ideas and feelings
Before definition we can add
DeleteThe word “language’ derived from the Latin word ‘lingua’ which means ‘tongue’. Thus, language relates to something that is spoken or for which the tongue is used.
Principals of language
ReplyDelete Language is Arbitrary: Language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no inherent relation between the words of a language and their meanings or the ideas conveyed by them. There is no reason why a female adult human being be called a woman in English and Femine in French. The choice of a word selected to mean a particular thing or idea is purely arbitrary but once a word is selected for a particular referent, it comes to stay as such. It may be noted that had language not been arbitrary, there would have been only one language in the world.
Language is Social: Language is a set of conventional communicative signals used by humans for communication in a community. Language in this sense is a possession of a social group, comprising an indispensable set of rules which permits its members to relate to each other, to interact with each other, to co-operate with each other; it is a social institution. Language exists in society; it is a means of nourishing and developing culture and establishing human relations.
Language is Symbolic: Language consists of various sound symbols and their graphological counterparts that are employed to denote some objects, occurrences or meaning. These symbols are arbitrarily chosen and conventionally accepted and employed. Words in a language are not mere signs or figures, but symbols of meaning. The intelligibility of a language depends on a correct interpretation of these symbols.
Language is Systematic: Although language is symbolic, yet its symbols are arranged in a particular system. All languages have their system of arrangements. Every language
is a system of systems. All languages have phonological and grammatical systems, and within a system there are several sub-systems. For example, within the grammatical system we have morphological and syntactic systems, and within these two sub- systems we have systems such as those of plural, of mood, of aspect, of tense, etc.
Language is Vocal: Language is primarily made up of vocal sounds only produced by a physiological articulatory mechanism in the human body. In the beginning, it appeared as vocal sounds only. Writing came much later, as an intelligent attempt to represent vocal sounds. Writing is only the graphic representation of the sounds of the language. So the linguists say that speech is primary.
Multilingualism
ReplyDeleteMultilingualism is the use of more than one language, either by an individual speaker or by a group of speakers.
Indian multilingualism has the following characteristics:
DeleteBilingualism is a grass-root level
Bilingualism is a strategy to maintain the mother tongue.
Maintenance of language as the norm
Complementary nature of languages
Multiplicity and linguistic identities.
Multilingualism as a positive force.
In conclusion,
ReplyDeleteLanguage is 'essentially a habit-forming operation.' Hence it means language is made up of habits. It is a set of human behaviours that has the purpose of expressing feelings and thoughts.
Multilingualism in India introduction
ReplyDeletePolitically, India is divided into 29 linguistically organized states and 7 union territories. The linguistic situation is complicated by the presence of several minority languages, as well as caste and class dialects, some lacking recognized scripts.
Multilingualism in India intro
ReplyDeleteQuote – One language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way
~ Frank Smith.
India is a vast country having different languages in different places of India. Since ages Indian multilingualism is carried upon. Multilingualism occurs when an individual speaks two or more languages to communicate their thoughts / ideas in community. Multilingualism in India is a due to its vast history and its diverse cultures. In ancient times the people migrated from one region to another and came in contact with each other. This contact with each other created exchange of language and culture. An Indian use a particular language at home, another in neighborhood and another language in formal set-up like education, occupation etc. One can communicate with two or more languages to transmit the thoughts/ideas. However, he/she has mastery in one language which is mainly mother tongue. This language is passed on from one generation to next. Schools also played an important role in maintaining multilingualism.
Introduction to Concept of Language
ReplyDeleteQuote – Language is the inventory of Human experience
~ W.L.Lockhart
Language is a system of spoken words, signs or symbols may be hand or body movements, gestures, or facial expressions, or written symbols which we human beings, as members of a social group and participants in its culture, use to express ourselves. Language is a used in communicating with ourselves and with one another. Language is associated with the mental process of understanding. Language enables us to utter distinct sounds, connect them into words, and finally into meaningful sentences for the purpose of communicating our ideas and thoughts with others. Language helps us to impart information, to guide the activities of others, to express feelings and emotions varying degrees of friendliness or hostility toward others who make use of the similar set of symbols or signs.
Q1 Conclusion:
ReplyDeleteThus based on the above principles, we can see that language is a vocal activity which,a society as a whole,has attributed to and which is used by the members of the society to communicate with each other. It is a complex system made up of various sub systems and it serves the purpose of giving expression to one's thoughts and feelings.
A.2 Characteristics of Multi lingualism in India are as follows:
ReplyDeletePeople that use different languages influence in the abilities of knowledge language
When you learn a language this will help you knowing some other, and vice versa how languages that have been learned early in life affect the acquisition and use of languages learned later, and vice versa
Be consistently better able to deal with distractions, which may help offset age-related declines in mental dexterity;
Better understand and appreciate people of other countries, thereby lessening racism, xenophobia, and intolerance, as the learning of a new language usually brings with it a revelation of a new culture
Multilingual can expand their personal horizons and—being simultaneously insiders and outsiders—see their own culture from a new perspective not available to monoglots(a person who speaks only one language), enabling the comparison, contrast, and understanding of cultural concepts
To say nothing of the social and employment advantages of being bilingual – offering the student the ability to communicate with people s/he would otherwise not have the chance to interact with, and increasing job opportunities in many careers.
Every language has its own characteristics and objectives. Characteristics of language: Language is arbitrary, productive, creative, symbolic systematic, vocalic, social, etc.
ReplyDeleteLet's understand the characteristics of language in detail :
1. Language is a social:-
In a sense, language should be considered as a social phenomenon. Language is social that exists in our human society; it is as a means of nourishing and developing culture and establishing human relations. As a member of a particular social group, we human beings interact with each other, which allows us to identify with one another, to connect with one another and to coordinate with one another. This is how language is the part and parcel of our society.
Language exists in the public arena, is a method for feeding and creating a society, and sets up human relations. As a member of society, we acquire a language permanently.
2.Language is a symbolic system:-
Language signifies as a symbolic system. It consists of different types of sound symbols and their graphological partners that are utilized to give a few objects, occurrences or significance.
These symbols are discretionarily picked and routinely acknowledged and utilized. The words in a language are not just patterns or images but symbols that denote meaning. The language uses words essentially as symbols and not as signs for the concept represented by them. The core value of a language sometimes relies on the true explanation of these symbols.
3. Language is systematic:-
In spite of the fact that language is symbolic, its symbols are arranged in specific systems. All languages have their arrangement of plans. Each language is an arrangement of systems. Furthermore, all languages have phonological and syntactic systems and within a system, there are also several sub-systems.
For instance, inside the linguistic system, we have the morphological and syntactic system, and inside these two sub-systems, we have systems, for example, those of plural, of mindset, or perspective, of tense, etc.
4.Language is vocal, verbal and sound:-
Language is a system of vocal and verbal symbolism. It is essentially comprised of vocal sounds just created by a physiological articulatory component in the human body. First and foremost, it shows up as vocal sounds only. Language takes verbal elements such as sounds, words and phrases which are fixed up in certain ways to make several sentences.
Language is vocal and sound which is produced by different speech organs. Writing can be considered as an intelligent platform to represent vocal sounds. It is the graphic representation of the speech sounds of the language.
5. Language is non-instinctive, conventional:-
No language was made in multi-day out of a commonly settled upon the recipe by a gathering of people. Language is the result of advancement and tradition. Every age transmits this tradition on to the following.
Like every single human organization, languages may also change and pass on, develop and extend. Each language has a circulation in a particular community around the globe. However, we can consider language as non-instinctive because naturally it is acquired by us.
6. Language is productive and creative:-
ReplyDeleteLanguage has it’s own efficiency and innovativeness. The auxiliary components of human language joined to created new expressions, which neither the speaker nor his/her listeners may ever have made or heard previously.
Truly, the two sides comprehend without trouble. Language changes as indicated by the necessities of society. After all, language has the power of productivity and creativity.
7. Language is a system of communication:-
Language is strong, convenient and the best form of communication for no doubt. It is the best ways to express everything. It is through language that we human express our thoughts, desires, emotions and feelings. Further, we can interact with each other easily through the welfare of language. After all, we may say that language is the best system of communication around the world.
8. Language is arbitrary :-
Language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no inherent relation between the words of a language and their meanings or the ideas conveyed by them. There is no reason why a female adult human being be called a woman in English, aurat in Urdu, Zen in Persian and Femine in French. The choice of a word selected to mean a particular thing or idea is purely arbitrary but once a word is selected for a particular referent, it comes to stay as such. It may be noted that had language not been arbitrary, there would have been only one language in the world.
Ans 1.
ReplyDeleteLanguage is, today, an inseparable part of human society. Human civilization has been possible only through language. It is through language only that humanity has come out of the stone age and has developed science, art and technology in a big way. Language is a means of communication, it is arbitrary, it is a system of systems. We know that Speech is primary while writing is secondary.
Language is human so it differs from animal communication in several ways. Language can have scores of characteristics but the following are the most important ones: language is arbitrary, productive, creative, systematic, vocalic, social, non-instinctive and conventional. These characteristics of language set human language apart from animal communication.
Ans 2.
ReplyDeleteIn Indian history, bilingualism has never been regarded as a social or individual deficiency. On the contrary, it has always been respected with great appreciation. Bilinguals were always respected as persons with superior qualifications. They were respected because they were supposed to communicate with speakers of two or more languages to transmit their thoughts. Bilingualism and multilingualism is recognized as a social need. In the past bilingualism and multilingualism helped people to propagate their faiths and religious practices.
People have been using more than one language simultaneously and the influence of one language on the other could be seen in almost all the languages in the form of loan words. We find that the States in India have never been linguistically homogeneous. There has been always some form of multilingualism, between languages or dialects or both. At present there is not a single State or Union Territory that is monolingual. Take, for example, the state of Haryana. This state may be divided into six or more linguistic or dialectal regions. Braj is spoken in Faridabad, Mewati is spoken in Gurgaon, Bagri is spoken in Hissar and Sirsa, Bangru is spoken in Rohtak, Bhiwani, and Jind, and Khari Boli is spoken in Ambala and Yamuna Nagar. Amidst all this dialectal diversity, there is an accepted standard dialect of Hindi that is recognized and used as the official language of the state. Thus, in India, each state is multilingual and the linguistic majority of one state may be a linguistic minority in another state